ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Distributed artificial intelligence</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Distributed artificial intelligence</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a>

<li><a href="Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="AI-assisted_software_development" title="AI-assisted software development">Software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Multi-agent_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-agent simulation">Multi-agent simulation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-based_social_simulation" title="Agent-based social simulation">Agent-based social simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_agent-based_modeling_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of agent-based modeling software">Agent-based modeling software</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent-oriented programming</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_platforms_for_software_agents" title="Comparison of platforms for software agents">Platforms for software agents</a>

<li><a href="GORITE" title="GORITE">GORITE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">Software agent</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_pathfinding" title="Multi-agent pathfinding">Multi-agent pathfinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning" title="Multi-agent reinforcement learning">Multi-agent reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a></li>

<li><a href="Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Distributed artificial intelligence</b> (<b>DAI</b>) also called Decentralized Artificial Intelligence<sup id="cite_ref-Demazeau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demazeau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a subfield of <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for problems. DAI is closely related to and a predecessor of the field of <a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">multi-agent systems</a>.

</p><p>Multi-agent systems and distributed problem solving are the two main DAI approaches. There are numerous applications and tools.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) is an approach to solving complex learning, <a href="Automated_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated planning">planning</a>, and decision-making problems. It is <a href="Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">embarrassingly parallel</a>, thus able to exploit large scale computation and <a href="Spatial_distribution" title="Spatial distribution">spatial distribution</a> of <a href="System_resource" title="System resource">computing resources</a>. These properties allow it to solve problems that require the processing of very large <a href="Data_set" title="Data set">data sets</a>. DAI systems consist of autonomous learning <a href="Processing_mode" title="Processing mode">processing nodes</a> (<a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">agents</a>), that are distributed, often at a very large scale. DAI nodes can act independently, and partial solutions are integrated by communication between nodes, <a href="Asynchrony_(computer_programming)" title="Asynchrony (computer programming)">often asynchronously</a>. By virtue of their scale, DAI systems are robust and elastic, and by necessity, loosely coupled. Furthermore, DAI systems are built to be adaptive to changes in the problem definition or underlying data sets due to the scale and difficulty in redeployment.

</p><p>DAI systems do not require all the relevant data to be <a href="Aggregate_data" title="Aggregate data">aggregated</a> in a single location, in contrast to <a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application">monolithic</a> or <a href="Centralized_computing" title="Centralized computing">centralized</a> Artificial Intelligence systems which have tightly coupled and geographically close processing nodes. Therefore, DAI systems often operate on sub-samples or hashed impressions of very large <a href="Training%2C_validation%2C_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">datasets</a>. In addition, the source dataset may change or be updated during the course of the execution of a DAI system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>In 1975 distributed artificial intelligence emerged as a subfield of artificial intelligence that dealt with interactions of intelligent agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaib_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaib-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distributed artificial intelligence systems were conceived as a group of intelligent entities, called agents, that interacted by cooperation, by coexistence or by competition. DAI is categorized into multi-agent systems and distributed problem solving.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond_Gasser_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond_Gasser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">multi-agent systems</a> the main focus is how agents coordinate their knowledge and activities. For distributed problem solving the major focus is how the problem is decomposed and the solutions are synthesized.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2></div>

<p>The objectives of Distributed Artificial Intelligence are to solve the <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a>, planning, learning and perception problems of <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, especially if they require large data, by distributing the problem to autonomous processing nodes (agents). To reach the objective, DAI requires:

</p>

<ul><li>A <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed system</a> with robust and elastic computation on unreliable and failing resources that are loosely coupled</li>

<li>Coordination of the actions and communication of the nodes</li>

<li>Subsamples of large data sets and <a href="Online_machine_learning" title="Online machine learning">online machine learning</a></li></ul>

<p>There are many reasons for wanting to distribute intelligence or cope with multi-agent systems. Mainstream problems in DAI research include the following:

</p>

<ul><li>Parallel problem solving: mainly deals with how classic artificial intelligence concepts can be modified, so that <a href="Multiprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor">multiprocessor</a> systems and clusters of computers can be used to speed up calculation.</li>

<li>Distributed <a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a> (DPS): the concept of <a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">agent</a>, autonomous entities that can communicate with each other, was developed to serve as an <a href="Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a> for developing DPS systems. See below for further details.</li>

<li>Multi-Agent Based Simulation (MABS): a branch of DAI that builds the foundation for simulations that need to analyze not only phenomena at <a href="Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macro</a> level but also at <a href="Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">micro</a> level, as it is in many <a href="Social_simulation" title="Social simulation">social simulation</a> scenarios.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2></div>

<p>Two types of DAI has emerged:

</p>

<ul><li>In <a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent systems</a> agents coordinate their knowledge and activities and reason about the processes of coordination. Agents are physical or virtual entities that can act, perceive its environment and communicate with other agents. The agent is autonomous and has skills to achieve goals. The agents change the state of their environment by their actions. There are a number of different coordination techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In distributed problem solving the work is divided among nodes and the knowledge is shared. The main concerns are task decomposition and synthesis of the knowledge and solutions.</li></ul>

<p>DAI can apply a bottom-up approach to AI, similar to the <a href="Subsumption_architecture" title="Subsumption architecture">subsumption architecture</a> as well as the traditional top-down

approach of AI. In addition, DAI can also be a vehicle for <a href="Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3></div>

<p>The challenges in Distributed AI are:

</p>

<ol><li>How to carry out communication and interaction of agents and which communication language or protocols should be used.</li>

<li>How to ensure the coherency of agents.</li>

<li>How to synthesise the results among 'intelligent agents' group by formulation, description, decomposition and allocation.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_tools">Applications and tools</h2></div>

<p>Areas where DAI have been applied are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">Electronic commerce</a>, e.g. for <a href="Trading_strategy" title="Trading strategy">trading strategies</a> the DAI system learns financial trading rules from subsamples of very large samples of financial data</li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a>, e.g. in <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> the DAI system controls the cooperative resources in a <a href="Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">WLAN</a> network<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Scheduling_(production_processes)" title="Scheduling (production processes)">Routing</a>, e.g. model vehicle flow in transport networks</li>

<li><a href="Scheduling_(production_processes)" title="Scheduling (production processes)">Scheduling</a>, e.g. <a href="Flow_shop_scheduling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow shop scheduling">flow shop scheduling</a> where the <a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a> entity ensures local optimization and cooperation for global and local consistency</li>

<li><a href="Search_engine" title="Search engine">Search engines</a>, e.g. in LLM <a href="Federated_search" title="Federated search">federated search</a> like Ithy where document retrieval and analysis are distributed to DAI agents before aggregation <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Multi-Agent systems, e.g. <a href="Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">artificial life</a>, the study of <a href="Artificial_life" title="Artificial life">simulated life</a></li>

<li>Electric power systems, e.g. Condition Monitoring Multi-Agent System (COMMAS) applied to transformer condition monitoring, and IntelliTEAM II Automatic Restoration System<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>DAI integration in tools has included:

</p>

<ul><li>ECStar is a distributed rule-based learning system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agents">Agents</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems:_Agents_and_multi-agents">Systems: Agents and multi-agents</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Multi-agent_system#Applications" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent system § Applications</a></div>

<p>Notion of Agents: Agents can be described as distinct entities with standard boundaries and interfaces designed for problem solving.

</p><p>Notion of Multi-Agents: Multi-Agent system is defined as a network of agents which are loosely coupled working as a single entity like society for problem solving that an individual agent cannot solve.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_agents">Software agents</h3></div>

<p>The key concept used in DPS and MABS is the abstraction called <a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agents</a>. An agent is a virtual (or physical) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomy" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:autonomy">autonomous</a> entity that has an understanding of its environment and acts upon it. An agent is usually able to communicate with other agents in the same system to achieve a common goal, that one agent alone could not achieve. This communication system uses an <a href="Agent_communication_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent communication language">agent communication language</a>.

</p><p>A first classification that is useful is to divide agents into:

</p>

<ul><li>reactive agent – A reactive agent is not much more than an automaton that receives input, processes it and produces an output.</li>

<li>deliberative agent – A <a href="Deliberative_agent" title="Deliberative agent">deliberative agent</a> in contrast should have an internal view of its environment and is able to follow its own plans.</li>

<li>hybrid agent – A hybrid agent is a mixture of reactive and deliberative, that follows its own plans, but also sometimes directly reacts to external events without deliberation.</li></ul>

<p>Well-recognized agent architectures that describe how an agent is internally structured are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="ASMO_(cognitive_architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASMO (cognitive architecture)">ASMO</a> (emergence of distributed modules)</li>

<li><a href="BDI_software_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="BDI software agent">BDI</a> (Believe Desire Intention, a general architecture that describes how plans are made)</li>

<li>InterRAP (A three-layer architecture, with a reactive, a deliberative and a social layer)</li>

<li>PECS (Physics, Emotion, Cognition, Social, describes how those four parts influences the agents behavior).</li>

<li><a href="Soar_(cognitive_architecture)" title="Soar (cognitive architecture)">Soar</a> (a rule-based approach)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a> – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts</li>

<li><a href="Federated_learning" title="Federated learning">Federated learning</a> – Decentralized machine learning</li>

<li><a href="Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a> – Concept of a false version of reality</li>

<li><a href="Swarm_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm Intelligence">Swarm Intelligence</a> – Collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-Demazeau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demazeau_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demazeau, Yves, and J-P. Müller, eds. Decentralized Ai. Vol. 2. Elsevier, 1990.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFChaib-DraaMoulinMandiauMillot1992" class="citation journal cs1">Chaib-Draa, Brahim; Moulin, B.; Mandiau, R.; Millot, P. (1992). "Trends in distributed artificial intelligence". <i>Artificial Intelligence Review</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>66. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00155579">10.1007/BF00155579</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15730245">15730245</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bond_Gasser-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bond_Gasser_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBondGasser1988" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Alan H.; Gasser, Les, eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780934613637/readings-in-distributed-artificial-intelligence"><i>Readings in distributed artificial intelligence</i></a>. San Mateo, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781483214443</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jennings-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jennings_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1996" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Nick (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101052328/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/252187/1/FOUND%2DDAI%2DCOORD.pdf">"Coordination Techniques for Distributed Artificial Intelligence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Gregory M. P. O'Hare; N. R. Jennings (eds.). <i>Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence</i>. New York: Wiley. pp. 187−210. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-00675-6</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/JENFOD">the original</a> on 1 November 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_RajaLinda_XieIvan_HowittShanjun_Cheng" class="citation web cs1">Anita Raja; <a href="Jiang_Xie" title="Jiang Xie">Linda Xie</a>; Ivan Howitt; Shanjun Cheng. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512081820/http://dair.uncc.edu/projects/past-projects/wlan-resource">"WLAN Resource Management using Distributed Constraint Optimization"</a>. <i>UNC Charlotte: Department of Computer Science</i>. Project sponsor: NSF. CS Research: Past projects – Project summary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dair.uncc.edu/projects/past-projects/wlan-resource">the original</a> on 2015-05-12.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cci.charlotte.edu/departments/computer-science-cs/cs-research">UNC Charlotte College of Computing and Informatics</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ithy.com">"Ithy: A distributed AI search engine"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCattersonDavidsonMcArthur2012" class="citation journal cs1">Catterson, Victoria M.; Davidson, Euan M.; McArthur, Stephen D. J. (2012-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/33136/1/Catterson9830393_File000000_173961975.pdf">"Practical applications of multi-agent systems in electric power systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Transactions on Electrical Power</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>252. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fetep.619">10.1002/etep.619</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-3109">1546-3109</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/EVO-DesignOpt/groupWebSite/index.php?n=Site.BP#ECStar-fig">"Anyscale Learning For All | alfagroup"</a>. <i>alfagroup.csail.mit.edu</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Hewitt, Carl; and Jeff Inman (November/December 1991). "DAI Betwixt and Between: From 'Intelligent Agents' to Open Systems Science" <i>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics</i>. Volume: 21 Issue: 6, pps. 1409–1419. ISSN 0018-9472</li>

<li>Grace, David; Zhang, Honggang (August 2012). <i>Cognitive Communications: Distributed Artificial Intelligence(DAI), Regulatory Policy and Economics, Implementation</i>. John Wiley & Sons Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-119-95150-6</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShohamLeyton-Brown2009" class="citation book cs1">Shoham, Yoav; Leyton-Brown, Kevin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masfoundations.org/download.html"><i>Multiagent Systems: Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations</i></a>. New York: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-89943-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Sun, Ron, (2005). <i>Cognition and Multi-Agent Interaction</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-83964-8</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrentesauxPhilippeTahon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Trentesaux, Damien; Philippe, Pesin; Tahon, Christian (2000). "Distributed artificial intelligence for FMS scheduling, control and design support". <i>Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing</i>. <b>11</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">573–</span>589. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026556507109">10.1023/A:1026556507109</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36570655">36570655</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVlassis2007" class="citation book cs1">Vlassis, Nikos (2007). <i>A Concise Introduction to Multiagent Systems and Distributed Artificial Intelligence</i>. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59829-526-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3153007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1347" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3153007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1347" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4281805-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88004324">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Intelligence artificielle répartie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12480039t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Intelligence artificielle répartie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12480039t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX556928">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546324805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034000410">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/613db2d1-250b-41c3-b334-9cd8d859fc8c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Distributed_artificial_intelligence&oldid=1285389325">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>